An old English Cemetery

With the Livornine laws, promulgated by Grand Duke Ferdinand I, starting from 1590, to promote the economy and the repopulation of an unhealthy and malarial area, first the Jewish communities , and then all the others, were allowed to settle in Livorno. The main purpose was to attract wealthy Sephardi communities.

The Holy Inquisition of Pisa, however, was not far off, and those who professed another faith, even if protected by special laws, had to do so with caution and without ostentation. Non-Catholic places of worship and even cemeteries were prohibited. Before the construction of…